Types of microphones

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Microphones are electroacoustic devices that convert sound vibrations into electrical vibrations in an air environment. The word “microphone” is of Greek origin and literally means “small voice”. This interpretation indicates the main purpose of a microphone is to amplify the sound of an instrument or human speech to make them accessible to an audience in close proximity or hundreds of meters away.

Another important function of the microphone is to record sound on electronic media. With the help of software, the audio signal is converted into electrical impulses, and then – back into sound, which allows you to listen and store information, edit and process it, transmit it via wired or wireless communication channels, etc.

Design and principle of operation of microphones

The simplest types of devices work on a principle similar to the action of the eardrum. Sound waves create the effect of vibrations that cause vibration of the diaphragm – the film inside the microphone. It shifts the induction coil, which is wound around a magnet and is in a magnetic field. By moving the coil, electrical impulses are generated in the coil, which can be recorded in electronic format. The volume and duration of the sound determines the length and intensity of the pulse.

To improve the quality and speed of sound transmission, microphone designs are improved by installing microchips and additional power supplies. The result is excellent audio stream quality and unlimited possibilities of its processing – noise removal, amplification, changing sound frequencies, etc.

Depending on the method of connection and power supply, they are distinguished:

• • Wired models, which are connected to the recording equipment through a wire.
  • Wireless devices that are connected via radio module or Bluetooth. They are not inferior to the parameters of wired models, do not require complex installation, eliminates the risk of damage to the equipment due to cable damage and does not limit the radius of movement of the speaker or performer.

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• Autonomous devices that work from a battery. After discharging, you can connect such a microphone to the network and continue to operate it for an unlimited time.

The main types of microphones

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Depending on the design features and the principle of sound conversion, microphones are divided into:

• Dynamic devices. The most common variant, which is in high demand. The built-in diaphragm receives waves and transmits them to the coil in a magnetic field. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction occurs, due to which a current is generated in the coil. The resulting electromagnetic oscillations repeat the sound in frequency and amplitude. Among the advantages of dynamic microphones – affordable price, durability and reliability, the lack of strict requirements for environmental conditions to obtain high-quality sound. Optimal option for recording “live” voice.
• Condenser microphones. They are used for studio recordings, where it is important to get a volumetric sound with a high degree of detail. Under the influence of sound waves, a membrane of several metal plates (condenser) begins to oscillate, and the sound is converted into a stream of electromagnetic waves. Due to the increased sensitivity to recording conditions and the need for power, such models have a limited field of application.
• Ribbon models. To convert sound in them, they use a thin metal tape, folded harmonically. Devices of this type are good at softening high tones, so they are more often used for recording instrumental compositions on electric guitars.

Characteristics of microphones

For an error-free choice, attention should be paid to:

• • Frequency range. This is the range of sounds available for perception and transmission on a particular microphone model. This indicator is unique for each type of musical instrument and for different types of human voice. When choosing a device for recording instrumental compositions, it is recommended to consider its frequency range. And for recording human speech or vocals suitable models with a wide range of operating frequencies, which will be able to preserve and convey the features of the “live” voice.

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• Amplitude-frequency response – a parameter that determines the sensitivity of the model within its frequency range. It is described by a graph or numerical expression, where the frequency limits and possible maximum deviation are indicated.
• Sensitivity is an indicator of the ratio of the voltage at the output of the device to the sound pressure. This indicator indicates how quiet sound is able to catch this model of microphone.
• Directionality – a parameter that determines the sensitivity of the microphone at a certain distance from the sound source. It depends on the design of the capsule model and determines the optimal proximity to the instrument or vocalist, as well as the ability to suppress outside noise.
• Impedance – the level of resistance of the device to alternating current. It is important that this indicator is lower than the impedance of the amplifier or preamplifier to which you plan to connect the microphone.

Also of importance are the material of the model housing, the features of its power supply and connection, etc. For more detailed recommendations on the choice, please contact our consultants.

Types of microphones for events

Depending on the type of event and audience coverage, microphones can be used for audio accompaniment:

• • Wired or wireless type microphones. Mounted on clothing, suitable for recording sound during reports and TV programs, filming in open or closed spaces, some types of conferences where all participants speak at the same time.
  • Directional models (“guns”). Located on cameras for filming or mounted on stands, they are directed directly at the speaker. More often used for interviews or surveys.
  • Studio devices. Models for recording video or audio in equipped studios, podcasts, radio broadcasts, discussions, etc.

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• Microphones built into headphones. More often used by commentators and streamers.

Types of microphones for the stage

For concert performances are intended stage microphones. This is the name of models of dynamic, condenser or ribbon type with a handle and capsule, closed with a thin metal grille over the entire surface. They are characterized by high reliability and a medium level of sensitivity, which allows you to cut off unnecessary noise and achieve purity of sound.

Types of microphones for vocals

For recording vocal compositions, stage and studio models can be used. The feature of the latter is an enlarged diaphragm with an extended frequency range, which allows you to record vocals accompanied by musical instruments. An important advantage of such models – getting a bright and saturated sound picture that conveys the features of the sound source.

How to choose microphones for karaoke

The optimal option for karaoke – dynamic microphones that have a margin of safety and low sensitivity. The latter quality allows you to use them in bars, nightclubs and corporate events with a large number of guests, where it is important to achieve purity of sound and protect it from extraneous noise.

How to choose the right microphone for conferences

For lectures, conferences, business meetings and seminars use:

• Goose-neck type designs. Mounted on a flexible holder to maximize proximity to the speaker. Cut into the table or mounted on a stand with a button to turn off (muting).
• Headsets. Mounted on the speaker’s head, allow you to maintain a fixed distance to the sound source and minimize noise.
• Fetal microphones. Do not limit the freedom of movement, as close as possible to the speaker.

The choice of device should be made taking into account the format of the event, the number of participants and the format of their communication.